Novel Cell Line Screening Method

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a novel cell line development method useful to screen for recombinant protein production. The method utilizes a membrane-anchored reporter or an intracellular reporter residing in the expression vector for a gene of interest to facilitate initial cell selection by FACS or MACS. A switching mechanism can be used to delete the reporter from the chromosome by providing an appropriate DNA recombinase, which turns the selected cells into production cells that secrete the protein of interest without co-expression of the reporter.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 61/732,156, filed Nov. 30, 2012, which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

The present technology pertains to cell line development and protein production, and more specifically to a switch mechanism that converts cells that express a membrane-anchored reporter (MAR) into production cells that secrete a protein of interest (POI) into culture media.

BACKGROUND

Recombinant therapeutic proteins are widely used to treat numerous human diseases from cancer to infertility. They include various blood-clotting factors, insulin, growth hormones, enzymes, Fc fusion proteins, monoclonal antibodies and other proteins (Scott C., Bioprocess Int. 10(6): S72-S78, 2012). Many recombinant therapeutic proteins are manufactured using mammalian host cells because of the need for correct folding and post-translational modification including glycosylation. Among them, therapeutic antibodies represent one of the largest sectors of protein therapeutics with a global market of approximately $50 billion in 2011 for approximately 30 approved antibody therapeutics.

The predominant therapeutic antibodies come from antibody discovery programs that belong to four categories: chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, fully human antibodies from synthetic human antibody libraries selected with various display systems, and fully human antibodies from transgenic animals bearing human immunoglobulin genes (Chames P. et al, Br J Pharmacol. 157(2): 220-233, 2009). Chimeric antibodies containing human constant regions and non-human variable regions pose an immunogenicity risk in the human body and as a result have lost favor to humanized or fully human antibodies in terms of therapeutic applications. Humanized antibodies contain 90-95% human residues and 5-10% non-human residues that are essential for antigen interaction, whereas fully human antibodies contain 100% human residues. Both humanized and fully human antibodies have enjoyed great success in therapeutic applications to treat various diseases.

Development of a therapeutic antibody often takes 10-15 years including antibody discovery, engineering, production cell line development, manufacturing process development, and clinical studies. Among these tasks, antibody discovery may take 6-18 months and production cell line development may require an additional 6-10 months. One of the biggest problems with current antibody discovery methodologies is that they do not utilize the format of the final antibody product which is commonly a full-length human IgG. The selected antibodies are typically murine antibodies or fragments of human antibodies such as scFv or Fab, that require reformatting into the final IgG format before production cell line development. Reformatting sometimes leads to unexpected problems in downstream process development, including loss of activity, low expression level, aggregation, insolubility, and/or instability. Therefore further antibody engineering and optimization may be required, resulting in loss of valuable time and increased cost.

Cell line development is a critical part of the process to obtain production cell lines for any therapeutic protein including antibodies. Production cell lines should be highly productive, stable, and have correct product quality attributes including biological activity, protein sequence homogeneity, glycosylation profile, charge variants, oxidation, deamination and low levels of aggregation. CHO cells are the most popular mammalian cells for production of therapeutic proteins. Other mammalian cells like NS0 or SP2/0 cells have also been used to produce biological therapeutics (Jayapal K R, et al., Chemical Engineering Progress, 103: 40-47, 2007; Li F, et al., MAbs. 2(5): 466-477, 2010). Conventional cell line development utilizes gene amplification systems by incorporating Dihydrofolate Reductase (DHFR) or Glutamine Synthetase (GS) as selection markers. Typically up to 1000 clones are screened in a cell line development program by limiting dilution cloning in 96-well tissue culture plates. Obtaining a highly productive cell line requires gene amplification by adding selection pressure after stable transfection using, for example, Methotrexate (MTX) in the DHFR system, or Methionine Sulphoximine (MSX) in the GS system. In most cases, productivity is often the only selection criteria until a very late stage in the process when only a handful of clones are assessed for the other quality attributes important for large scale manufacturing, resulting in increased project risk and complex issues regarding downstream development.

The process of selecting a cell population of interest for use as a recombinant protein production cell line may involve expression of a cell surface or intracellular reporter molecule. High level of expression of intracellular reporters such as GFP have been shown to be cytotoxic (Liu H S, et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 260: 712-717, 1999; Wallace L M, et al., Molecular Therapy Nucleic Acids. 2, e86, 2013), however, the cytotoxicity of a reporter is minimized by cell surface display.

Display techniques have been developed for high-throughput screening of proteins, such as antibodies. Antibody display systems have been successfully applied to screen, select and characterize antibody fragments. These systems typically rely on phage display, E. coli display or yeast display. Each display system has its strengths and weaknesses, however, in general these systems lack post-translational modification functions or exhibit different post-translational modification functions from mammalian cells and tend to display small antibody fragments instead of full-length IgGs. Thus, characterization of the biological activities and further development of the isolated antibody fragments often requires conversion to whole immunoglobulins and expression in mammalian cells for proper folding and post-translational processing. This conversion process may produce antibodies with binding characteristics unlike those selected for in the initial screen.

There is a need for improved processes for selection of recombinant protein producing cell lines (such as antibody-producing cell lines), wherein the selection process facilitates rapid cell line selection based on quality attributes other than productivity. The present invention provides improved compositions and methods for screening and selection of cell lines for recombinant protein production.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Additional features and advantages of the disclosure will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or can be learned by practice of the herein disclosed principles. The features and advantages of the disclosure can be realized and obtained by means of the disclosure and examples provided herein. These and other features of the invention will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or can be learned by the practice of the principles set forth herein.

The present invention relates to a switch mechanism that may turn off expression of a reporter (e.g., a cell surface or intracellular reporter) after selection of a subpopulation of cells providing for optimal expression of a POI. The reporter can be GFP or any other molecule detectable by FACS, MACS, or any other analytic method effective to detect the reporter. Expression of the reporter is functionally linked to expression of a POI such that the reporter is a surrogate for POI expression. The above-mentioned switch mechanism maybe used to turn cells displaying a cell surface membrane anchored reporter (MAR) or intracellular reporter into production cells secreting a POI. Disclosed are a series of molecular designs which incorporate sequences of MAR flanked by site-specific DNA recombinase recognition sequences (DRRS) inserted into an expression vector for a gene of interest (GOI). The reporter cassette could reside between the promoter and the GOI or downstream of the GOI following an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) or another promoter. In both cases, reporter expression will be first allowed to facilitate cell selection by FACS or MACS and then eliminated by transient expression or direct provision of an appropriate site-specific DNA recombinase to the cells in order to switch the cells to produce the POI without co-expression of the reporter.

Alternatively, the reporter cassette could reside in the middle of an intron sequence of the GOI to create alternative splicing leading to expression of the reporter. After transient expression or direct provision of an appropriate site-specific DNA recombinase protein, the reporter cassette is deleted from the intron enabling optimal expression and secretion of the POI without co-expression of the reporter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order to describe the manner in which the above-recited and other advantages and features of the disclosure can be obtained, a more particular description of the principles briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only exemplary embodiments of the disclosure and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the principles herein are described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings.

FIGS. 1A-C are schematic drawings of exemplary MAR cassettes containing expression vectors and the switch mechanism that deletes the MAR. The MAR resides before the GOI (in A), or after the GOI following an IRES or another promoter (in B), or in the middle of an intron of the GOI (in C).

FIG. 2 views a-f are schematic drawings of exemplary molecular structures of a model GOI, including a) a wild-type genomic sequence with one intron and two exons; b) the exon 2 fused with a membrane association domain (MAD); c) insertion of Exon 2-MAD flanked by site specific DNA recombinase recognition sequences (DRRS) in the intron; d) insertion of MAD flanked by DRRS into the intron; e) insertion of Exon 2-MAD flanked by site specific DNA recombinase recognition sequences (DRRS) downstream of Exon 2 and f) insertion of MAD flanked by DRRS downstream of Exon 2.

FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D are schematic drawings of two alternative RNA splicing events of the molecular design in FIG. 2C (3A), FIG. 2D (3B), FIG. 2E (3C) and FIG. 2F (3D).

FIG. 4A-D are schematic drawings of DNA recombination in the presence of an appropriate site specific DNA recombinase of the molecular design in FIG. 2C (4A), FIG. 2D (4B), FIG. 2E (4C) and FIG. 2F (4D).

FIG. 5 views a-f are schematic drawings of exemplary antibody heavy chain genomic sequences. a) Wild-type heavy chain constant region, including four exons (CH1, Hinge, CH2, and CH3) and three introns (Intron 1-3); b) The heavy chain fused with a MAD; c) Insertion of CH3-MAD flanked by LoxP sequences into the Intron 3; d) Insertion of MAD flanked by LoxP sequences into the Intron 3; e) Insertion of CH3-MAD flanked by LoxP sequences downstream of CH3; and f) Insertion of MAD flanked by LoxP sequences downstream of CH3. Regions before CH2 are present but not shown in c)-f).

FIGS. 6A and B are schematic drawings of two alternative RNA splicing events of the molecular designs in FIG. 5C (6A) and FIG. 5D (6B). Regions before CH2 are not shown.

FIGS. 7A and B are schematic drawings of DNA recombination in the presence of Cre recombinase of the molecular designs in FIG. 5C (7A) and FIG. 5D (7B). Regions before CH2 are not shown.

FIGS. 8A and B are flow charts of an antibody cell line development process (8A) and an antibody library screening process (8B).

FIGS. 9A-C are plasmid maps of an antibody heavy chain expression vector (9A), an antibody light chain expression vector (9B) and an antibody heavy and light chain expression vector (9C).

FIG. 10A shows Rituxan levels in culture media 2 days after transfection of 293F cells with Rituxan expression vectors.

FIG. 10B shows FACS plots indicating cell surface Rituxan expression 2 days after transfection of 293F cells with Rituxan expression vectors.

FIG. 11A shows that membrane-anchored antibody expression was switched off by transient transfection of a Cre expression vector (“After Cre”).

FIG. 11B shows that membrane-anchored antibody expression was switched off by treatment of cells with recombinant Cre (“After Cre”).

FIG. 12A shows that cell surface antibody of a CHOS cell line that expresses both membrane-anchored Humira and secreted Humira via alternative splicing.

FIG. 12B shows that the membrane antibody expression correlates strongly with the secreted antibody levels in cells that express both membrane-anchored Humira and secreted Humira via alternative splicing.

FIG. 13 shows lack of surface antibody on a Humira expressing cell line after switching off membrane anchorage.

FIG. 14 shows that a CHOS cell line expressing membrane-anchored Humira stained positively after binding with biotinylated TNFα and streptavidin Phycoerythrin conjugates.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Provided herein are compositions, methods and systems for improved selection of production cells that secrete a protein of interest (POI) into culture media.

The invention is not limited to the specific compositions, devices, methodology, systems, kits or medical conditions described herein, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

The present invention concerns a switch mechanism that can be used to turn cells expressing a membrane-anchored reporter (MAR) or an intracellular reporter into production cells secreting a protein of interest (POI) into culture media, e.g., an antibody or any other protein. The MAR can be any molecule including a membrane-anchored POI, a membrane-anchored GFP, or any other membrane associated molecule which can be detected or selected using high throughput methodologies such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) or magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS), or any other analytic method effective to detect expression of the reporter molecule. The method allows for initial screening or selection of desired cells using methodologies such as FACS or MACS by detecting a reporter molecule, followed by application of a molecular switch that transforms the cells such that they secrete the POI without co-expression of the reporter molecule for production purposes.

Various embodiments of the disclosure are discussed in detail below. While specific embodiments are discussed, it should be understood that this is done for illustration purposes only. A person skilled in the relevant art will recognize that other configurations may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.

Definitions

It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “and”, and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein generally have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such a disclosure by virtue of prior invention.

As used herein, the term “membrane-anchored reporter” or “MAR” is used with reference to any membrane molecule or a non-membrane molecule fused with a membrane association domain (MAD).

As used herein, the term “membrane association domain” or “MAD” is used with reference to a protein domain associated with a membrane, which could be a GPI anchor signal sequence (GASS), a transmembrane domain, or any molecule that binds to a cell membrane or a membrane protein e.g., an Ab, GFP, and the like. In one aspect of the invention a host cell is characterized by the expression of a cell surface membrane anchored reporter fused to a POI wherein expression of the reporter is detected by FACS, MACS or any technique that can detect cell surface expression of a POI. Expression of the cell surface membrane anchored reporter fused to a POI is detected following transfection with a DNA construct such as shown in FIGS. 3A-D, 6A and B.

As used herein, the term “protein of interest” or “POI” is used with reference to a protein having desired characteristics that may be selected using the method of the invention. A “protein of interest” (POI) includes full length proteins, polypeptides, and fragments thereof, peptides, all of which can be expressed in the selected host cell. Exemplary POIs are antibodies, enzymes, cytokines, adhesion molecules, receptors, derivatives and any other polypeptides that can be expressed using the methods described herein. In another aspect of the invention, the protein of interest is recovered from the culture medium as a secreted polypeptide. In general, the protein of interest is produced in the culture media at a level of at least 100 mg/L, at least 150 mg/L, at least 200 mg/L, at least 300 mg/L, at least 500 mg/L, at least, or at least 1000 mg/L, e.g., 100-150 mg/L, 150-200 mg/L, 200-250 mg/L, 250-300 mg/L, 300-500 mg/L, or 500-1000 mg/L. In some cases, the POI, e.g., an enzyme, may be biologically active a low concentration. In such cases, production at a level below 100 mg/L in the culture media will satisfy commercial production requirements. In general, methods teaching a skilled person how to purify a protein expressed by host cells are well known in the art.

As used herein, the term “gene of interest” or “GOT” is used with reference to a polynucleotide sequence of any length that encodes a “protein of interest” (POI). The selected sequence can be full length or a truncated gene, a fusion or tagged gene, and can be a cDNA, a genomic DNA, or a DNA fragment, preferably, a cDNA. It can be the native sequence, i.e. naturally occurring form(s), or can be mutated or otherwise modified as desired.

The term “host cells” or “expression host cells” as used herein refers to any cell line that will effectively produce a POI with correct folding and post-translational modification including glycosylation as required for biological activity. Exemplary host cells include Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, e.g., CHOS (Invitrogen), NS0, Sp2/0, CHO derived mutant cell or derivatives or progenies of any of such cells. Other mammalian cells, including but not limited to human, mice, rat, monkey, and rodent cells, and eukaryotic cells, including but not limited to yeast, insect, plant and avian cells, can also be used in the meaning of this invention, as appropriate for the production of a particular POI.

As used herein, the term “magnetic-activated cell sorting” or “MACS” is used with reference to a method for separation of various cell populations depending on their surface antigens (CD molecules). The term MACS is a registered trademark of Miltenyi Biotec and the method is marketed by the company as MACS Technology.

As used herein, the term “DNA recombinase recognition sequence” or “DRRS” is used with reference to a sequence that facilitates the rearrangement of DNA segment by the activity of a site-specific recombinase which recognizes and binds to short DNA sequences resulting in cleavage of the DNA backbone such that two DNA sequences are exchanged, followed by rejoining of the DNA strands.

As used herein, the term “GPI anchored signal sequence” or “GASS” is used with reference to a glycolipid that can be attached to the C-terminus of a protein during posttranslational modification. It is composed of a phosphatidylinositol group linked through a carbohydrate-containing linker (glucosamine and mannose glycosidically bound to the inositol residue) to the C-terminal amino acid of a mature protein. The hydrophobic phosphatidyl-inositol group anchors the protein to the cell membrane.

The term “productivity” or “specific productivity” describes the quantity of a specific protein (e.g., a POI) which is produced by a defined number of cells within a defined time. One exemplary way to measure “productivity” is to seed cells into fresh culture medium at defined densities. After a defined time, e.g. after 24, 48 or 72 hours, a sample of the cell culture fluid is taken and subjected to ELISA measurement to determine the titer of the protein of interest. The productivity can be reported as mg/L of culture media. In the context of industrial manufacturing, the specific productivity is usually expressed as amount of protein in picogram produced per cell and day (“pg/cell/day”).

The term “biological activity” describes and quantifies the biological functions of the protein within the cell or in in vitro assays.

DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to a series of molecular designs incorporating sequences of a membrane-anchored reporter (MAR) or an intracellular reporter flanked by site specific DNA recombinase recognition sequences (DRRS) inserted into an expression vector for the GOI. The reporter cassette could reside between the promoter and the GOI (FIG. 1A), or after the GOI following an IRES or another promoter (FIG. 1B), or in the middle of an intron of the GOI (FIG. 1C). The reporter is first expressed allowing cell selection e.g., by FACS or MACS, and then deleted by transient expression or direct provision of an appropriate site-specific DNA recombinase to switch the cells to secretion of the POI without co-expression of the reporter. The MAR needs to be detected or selected using high throughput methodologies such as FACS or MACS, and could be any membrane protein or non-membrane protein fused with a membrane association domain (MAD), which could be a GPI anchor signal sequence (GASS), or a transmembrane domain, or any peptide that binds to a cell surface protein. For example, the MAR could be membrane-anchored GFP or membrane-anchored POI. One of the advantages of using a membrane anchored reporter protein instead of an intracellular reporter protein is to avoid any potential cellular toxicity after accumulation of high concentrations of the reporter protein. SEQ ID NO: 1 shows the nucleotide sequence of GFP fused to the IL2 signal peptide at the N-terminus and DAF GASS at the C-terminus. Any GFP variants or other fluorescence proteins, functional signal peptides or membrane association domains can be used here.

After being transfected with reporter-containing expression vectors, the host cells such as CHO cells can be allowed to grow in the presence of appropriate antibiotics for selection of stable cells with the expression vector integrated into the chromosome. Alternatively, the transfected cells can be selected directly for the reporter expression by FACS or MACS for 1-2 weeks until the reporter expression is stable. The advantage of not using antibiotics is for better health of the cells and potentially less gene-silencing of the expression cassette (Kaufman W L, et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 36(17), e111, 2008). Desired cells with high expression levels of the reporter or other properties (such as stability, protein sequence homogeneity, proper glycosylation profile, proper charge variants, and acceptable aggregate levels), can then be selected with FACS or MACS or another analytic technique. Subsequently the reporter cassette can be deleted by providing an appropriate site-specific DNA recombinase to switch the selected cells into production cells that produce the POI. The DNA recombinase can be supplied to the cells by transient transfection with an expression vector, or by direct provision of the DNA recombinase protein to the culture media, or by any other means.

The present invention also provides a series of molecular designs to modify the intron sequence of a GOI. FIG. 2A shows the genomic sequence of a model secreted GOI containing two exons and an intron. It would be anchored on cell surface if fused with a MAD, which could be a GASS, or a transmembrane domain, or any peptide that binds to a cell surface protein (FIG. 2B). In order to create an alternative splicing site, the DNA sequence of GOI Exon 2 fused with MAD flanked by DRRS can be inserted into the Intron (FIG. 2C), MAD flanked by DRRS can be inserted into the Intron (FIG. 2D), the DNA sequence of GOI Exon 2 fused with MAD flanked by DRRS can be inserted downstream of Exon 2 (FIG. 2E), or MAD flanked by DRRS can be inserted downstream of Exon 2 (FIG. 2F).

The mRNA may contain an unaltered splicing donor or any functional splicing donor for the Intron and two splicing acceptors shown in FIG. 3A. The two splicing acceptors may be identical to the splicing acceptor in the wild type GOI mRNA or any functional splicing acceptor. This exemplary alternative splicing would lead to membrane-anchored POI using the acceptor 1 or secreted POI using the acceptor 2 (FIG. 3A). If only secreted POI is desired, appropriate site-specific DNA recombinase recognizing the DRRS can be transiently expressed in the cell and the sequence between the DRRS deleted as shown in FIG. 4A.

Another way to manipulate the Intron is to insert a MAD sequence flanked by DRRS directly (FIG. 2D). Alternative splicing shown in FIG. 3B would lead to either membrane-anchored POI with Exon 2 deleted or secreted POI. When an appropriate site-specific DNA recombinase is supplied, the sequence between DRRS is deleted and all the expressed POI is secreted (FIG. 4B).

Yet another way to manipulate the Intron is to insert Exon-2-MAD flanked by site specific DNA recombinase recognition sequences (DRRS) downstream of Exon 2 (FIG. 2E). Alternative splicing shown in FIG. 3C would lead to either membrane-anchored POI with Exon-1 and Exon-2 fused to MAD, or secreted POI with Exon1 and Exon2. When an appropriate site-specific DNA recombinase is supplied, the sequence between DRRS is deleted and all the expressed POI is secreted (FIG. 4C).

A further way to manipulate the Intron is to insert a MAD sequence flanked by DRRS downstream of Exon 2 (FIG. 2F). Alternative splicing shown in FIG. 3D would lead to either membrane-anchored POI with Exon 2 deleted, or secreted POI with Exon1 and Exon2. When an appropriate site-specific DNA recombinase is supplied, the MAD sequence between DRRS is deleted and all the expressed POI is secreted (FIG. 4D).

FIGS. 5-7 describe how the above-mentioned intron modifying designs are applied to manipulate a human immunoglobulin gamma genomic sequence. The genomic structure of the wild-type human antibody IgG1 heavy chain constant region contains four exons and three introns as shown in FIG. 5A. The DNA sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 3. FIG. 5B shows a membrane-anchored antibody heavy chain prepared by fusing with a MAD. It has been reported that membrane-anchored antibodies can be constructed by fusing a GASS or a transmembrane domain (TM) at the C-terminus of the heavy chain (Zhou C, et al., MAbs, 2:508-518, 2010; Bowers P M, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 108(51):20455-20460, 2011; Li. F, et al., Appl Microbiol Biotechnol., 96(5):1233-41 2012). The GASS of human DAF is shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 (nucleotide) and SEQ ID NO: 5 (amino acid), respectively. Any other GASS or TM or any peptide that binds to a cell surface protein can also be used for membrane anchoring. In order to create an alternative splicing site, the DNA sequence for CH3-MAD flanked by DRRS can be inserted into Intron 3 (FIG. 5C), or into the other two introns; the DNA sequence for MAD flanked by DRRS can be inserted into Intron 3 (FIG. 5D), the DNA sequence for CH3-MAD flanked by LoxP sequences may be inserted downstream of Exon 3 (FIG. 5E) or the DNA sequence for MAD flanked by LoxP sequences may be inserted downstream of Exon 3 (FIG. 5F).

One commonly used recognition sequence for DNA recombinase Cre is LoxP the sequence of which is shown in SEQ ID NO: 8. Similarly, any other LoxP variant sequences or recognition sequences for other site specific DNA recombinases can be used here, for example, an FRT sequence (DRRS for FLP), or an attB or attP (DRRS for φC31 integrase (Wang Y, et al., Plant Cell Rep.; 30(3):267-85, 2011) or a specific DNA recognition sequence for any other tyrosine recombinase or serine recombinase. The mRNA may have an unaltered splicing donor for the Intron 3 and two identical splicing acceptors as shown in FIG. 6A.

The alternative splicing would lead to membrane-anchored antibody using the acceptor 1 or secreted antibody using the acceptor 2. If only secreted antibody is desired, DNA recombinase Cre can be transiently expressed in the cell or supplied in the culture media and the sequence between the two LoxP sites will be deleted as shown in FIG. 7A.

For example, if one were to manipulate Intron 3 is to insert a DNA sequence for MAD flanked by LoxP sites directly (FIG. 5D), alternative splicing shown in FIG. 6B would give membrane-anchored antibody with CH3 deleted or secreted antibody. When DNA recombinase Cre is expressed, the sequence between LoxP sites is deleted and all the expressed antibody is secreted (FIG. 7B). Similarly, the MAD flanked by LoxP sites can also be inserted into the other two introns to create alternative splicing.

FIG. 8A illustrates an exemplary cell line development process utilizing the MAR cassette and the switching mechanism. Expression vector of the GOI is modified with the MAR cassette as shown in FIG. 1. It could carry a selection marker gene. If the POI contains more than one subunit, they may be cloned into the same vector or into separate expression vectors. The expression vector or vectors are transfected into desired cells. After 1-2 weeks allowing stable integration into the chromosome, with or without antibiotic selection, the cells are analyzed and selected for high expression of the MAR by any high throughput cell selection or enrichment methodology, such as FACS or MACS. In one approach, the selected cells are transfected transiently with an expression vector for an appropriate DNA recombinase to induce site-specific DNA recombination. Deletion of the MAR cassette results in cells that produce the POI. Following single cell sorting or limiting dilution cloning into 96-well plates, clones are screened for the POI expression levels in the culture media and/or other desired product quality attributes. Selected clones are expanded and cryopreserved.

In one application of the invention, an human immunoglobulin gamma expression vector comprising a membrane association domain (MAD) flanked by site specific DNA recombinase recognition sequences (DRRS) can be inserted into the intron region between CH2 and CH3 sequences. The MAD can be a GPI anchored signal sequence (GASS) or a transmembrane domain or a peptide that binds to any cell surface protein. Alternative splicing results in a portion of expressed antibodies to be membrane-anchored and thus readily detected by fluorescence-labeled antigen or secondary antibody. After selection of cells with high expression levels of membrane-anchored antibodies by FACS, the cells may then be switched into production cells secreting the antibody into culture media by transient expression of an appropriate site-specific DNA recombinase in order to delete the sequences responsible for membrane association in the intron. The switch mechanism can be used for cell line development with greatly reduced time and cost, and can be used for production of antibody or any other recombinant protein.

Library display techniques have been developed for high-throughput screening of proteins having desired characteristics. WO 2010/022961 discloses a method for generating or selecting a eukaryotic host cell expressing a desired level of a polypeptide of interest from a population of host cells by use of a fusion polypeptide including an immunoglobulin transmembrane anchor such that the fusion polypeptide is being displayed on the surface of the host cell.

Bowers P M, et al. (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 108(51):20455-60, 2011) disclose a method for the isolation of human antibodies using a library screening method based on initial selection of well-expressed human IgM antibodies with high binding affinity by FACS, followed by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) directed in vitro somatic hypermutation (SHM) in vitro and selection of high-affinity antibodies using the same library screening method.

DuBridge et al. U.S. Pat. No. 7,947,495, disclose dual display vector compositions and methods which provide for expression of secreted and membrane-bound forms of an immunoglobulin based on splice sites and recombinase recognition sites, allowing for simultaneous expression of transcripts for a membrane-bound immunoglobulin and a secreted form of the same immunoglobulin in a single host cell.

Beerli, R., et al., (PNAS, vol. 105 (38), 14336-14341, 2008) describe a technology for the rapid isolation of fully human mAbs by isolation of antigen-specific B cells from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and generation of recombinant, antigen-specific single-chain Fv (scFv) libraries which are screened by mammalian cell surface display using a Sindbis virus expression system, which is followed by isolation of fully human high-affinity antibodies following a single round of selection. Another display system used to screen, select and characterize antibody fragments based on display of full-length functional antibodies on the surface of mammalian cells relies on recombinase-mediated DNA integration coupled with high throughput FACS screening for selection of antibodies with very high antigen binding affinities is disclosed by Zhou et al. (mAbs 2:5, 508-518; 2010).

Mammalian cell based immunoglobulin libraries that rely on use of “removable-tether display vectors,” or “transmembrane display vectors,” which can be used for the expression of cell surface-bound immunoglobulins for affinity-based screening and the expression of secreted immunoglobulin are disclosed by Akamatsu et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,163,546. In these “removable-tether display vectors”, the polynucleotide encoding the cell surface tether domain is flanked by a first and a second restriction endonuclease site.

The invention disclosed herein provides improved libraries and screening methods for selecting a POI with desired characteristics.

FIG. 8B illustrates an exemplary antibody library screening process utilizing alternative splicing and the switching mechanism. In one exemplary approach, a library of VH sequences can be cloned into an expression vector with modified Intron 3 as shown in FIG. 5C or 5D. A library of light chain sequences may be cloned into the same expression vector or into a separate vector. Expression of the antibody library vectors will result in an expression library of membrane-anchored antibodies. After transfection into CHO cells or other expression host cells, cells expressing antigen binding antibodies may be sorted or selected by FACS or MACS. Multiple rounds of sorting or selection may be performed under different stringent conditions to isolate production cells for antibodies with the best affinity for the antigen. The antibody sequences can be obtained from the selected cells by PCR or RT-PCR. The selected cells may be turned into production cells by expression of an appropriate site specific DNA recombinase to delete the MAD sequence. Similar designs may be applied to any engineered libraries of antibody or any other proteins. See, Example 8.

EXAMPLES Example 1. Expression of Rituxan from Expression Vector Containing a LoxP Site in the 3^(rd) Intron of the Heavy Chain Genomic Sequence

The Rituxan heavy chain variable sequence (VH) was gene synthesized and cloned into a mammalian expression vector containing the human IgG1 heavy chain constant region genomic sequence between restriction sites Xba I and Nhe I, to make vector LB0-H. The Rituxan VH sequence including signal peptide is shown in SEQ ID NO: 9. Expression of the antibody heavy chain was under the control of an EF1α promoter. The vector carries a Puromycin resistance gene for stable cell selection and an Ampicillin resistance gene for E. coli propagation. The plasmid map is shown in FIG. 9A.

The Rituxan light chain cDNA was gene synthesized and cloned into a separate mammalian expression vector between restriction sites Xba I and BamHI to make vector LB0-K. The sequence of the light chain is shown in SEQ ID NO: 11. Expression of the antibody light chain was under the control of an EF1α promoter. It carries a Neomycin resistance gene for stable cell selection and an Ampicillin resistance gene for E. coli propagation. The plasmid map is shown in FIG. 9B.

A LoxP site was inserted into the middle of the 3^(rd) intron of Rituxan gamma genomic sequence in LB0-H by Bridge PCR to make vector LB1. The sequence of the heavy chain constant region is shown in SEQ ID NO: 13.

To express Rituxan, 293F cells (Invitrogen Inc.) were co-transfected with LB0-H or LB1, together with LB0-K. Transfection conditions were optimized with Freestyle Max transfection reagent (Invitrogen) and a GFP expression vector. 30 μg of DNA and 37.5 μl of Freestyle Max were used to transfect 30 ml of cells (1×10⁶ cells/ml). The cells were typically diluted 3 times the next day and subjected to flow cytometric analysis for GFP expression after one more day of culturing. Transfection efficiencies were determined to be ˜80% for 293F cells under these conditions. To assess Rituxan expression, antibody levels in media were determined by dilution ELISA in which Rituxan was captured with goat anti-human IgG Fc (100 ng/well, Bethyl) and detected with the goat anti-human Kappa antibody HRP conjugates (1:10,000 dilution, Bethyl).

Human IgG antibody (2 μg/ml of IgG, Sigma) was used as the standard for IgG quantitation. The expression levels are shown in FIG. 10A. LB1-transfected cells produced a similar amount of antibody as the wild-type control LB0-H, suggesting that the LoxP sequence inserted in the middle of the intron between CH2 and CH3 did not affect antibody expression levels. The heavy chain constant regions in both transfected cells were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. The RNA splicing was found to be identical with or without a LoxP site inside of the gamma chain intron.

Example 2. Expression of Rituxan Anchored on Cell Surface

The human IgG1 CH3 sequence fused with the DAF GPI anchor signal sequence (SEQ ID NO: 4) or the PDGFR TM domain sequence (SEQ ID NO: 6) followed by LoxP and intron 3 sequences were synthesized and inserted into the 3^(rd) intron in LB1 to make vector LB3 or LB4, respectively, as shown in FIG. 5C. The sequences of the heavy chain constant region of LB3 and LB4 are shown in SEQ ID NO: 14 and SEQ ID NO: 15, respectively. The light chain expression cassette in LB0-K was digested with restriction enzymes EcoR V and Asc I. The DNA fragment of 2625 bp was then cloned into LB4 between EcoR V and Asc I to make Rituxan expression vector LB37. The plasmid map is shown in FIG. 9C. To assess Rituxan expression, 293F cells were co-transfected with heavy chain vectors LB3, or LB4, together with the light chain vector LB0-K using Freestyle Max transfection reagent.

The antibody titers in media were determined by dilution ELISA in which Rituxan was captured with goat anti-human IgG Fc (100 ng/well, Bethyl) and detected with the goat anti-human Kappa antibody HRP conjugates (1:10,000 dilution, Bethyl). Human IgG antibody (2 μg/ml of IgG, Sigma) was used as the standard for IgG quantitation. The expression levels are shown in FIG. 10A. Vectors employing the modified intron demonstrate robust expression of Rituxan ranging from 4-10 μg/ml in culture media after 2 days when cell densities are typically about 1×10⁶ cells/ml. LB1-transfected cells produced a similar amount of antibody as the wild-type control LB0-H, suggesting that the LoxP sequence inserted in the middle of the intron between CH2 and CH3 did not affect antibody expression levels. LB3 secreted 2-3 times more antibody into the media than LB4, consistent with the fact that GPI-linked membrane anchorage is not 100%. This result has been reproduced in 3 independent experiments.

The transfected 293F cells were also labeled with goat anti-human Fc antibody FITC conjugate (1:1,000 dilution, Bethyl) and subjected to flow cytometric analysis. 293F cells transfected with the wild-type CH3 exon vector (LB0-H, FIG. 10B.a) or LoxP modified CH3 exon vector (LB1, FIG. 10B.b) did not show cell surface antibody expression, whereas 293F cells transfected with alternatively spliced CH3-GASS vector (LB3, FIG. 10B.c) or CH3-TM vector (LB4, FIG. 10B.d) exhibited cell surface antibodies in 20-30% of the cells (Table 1).

TABLE 1 Cell Surface Antibody Expression for Cells Transfected with Various Constructs. Transfection MI % LBO-H + LBO-K 1.8 LB1 + LBO-K 1.1 LB3 + LBO-K 27.9 LB4 + LBO-K 20.1 LB9 + LBO-K 8.3 LB10 + LBO-K 16.5

Example 3. Expression of CH3 Deleted Rituxan Anchored on Cell Surface

The DAF GPI anchor signal sequence or the PDGFR TM domain sequence followed by LoxP and intron3 sequences were synthesized and inserted into the 3^(rd) intron in LB1 to make vector LB9 or LB10, respectively, as shown in Figure D The sequences of the heavy chain constant region of LB9 and LB10 are shown in SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 17, respectively.

293F cells were co-transfected with LB9 or LB10, together with LB0-K using Freestyle Max transfection reagent. After 2 days the antibody levels in the media were assayed by ELISA similarly as described in Example 1. LB9-transfected cells secreted more antibodies into media than LB10-transfected cells (FIG. 10A), consistent with the result described in Example 2. The transfected 293F cells were also labeled with goat anti-human Fc antibody FITC conjugate (1:1,000 dilution, Bethyl) and subjected to flow cytometric analysis. 293F cells transfected with alternatively spliced vectors LB3 (FIG. 10B.e) or LB4 (FIG. 10B.f) exhibited cell surface expression of antibody in 8-20% of the cells (Table 1).

Example 4. Expression of Membrane-Anchored GFP Upstream of the Rituxan Heavy Chain

The membrane-anchored GFP (SEQ ID NO: 1) carrying a Kosak consensus sequence was flanked by two LoxP sites, and inserted between the EF1α promoter and the Rituxan gamma sequence in the vector LB0-H to make vector LB11, as described in FIG. 1A. The sequence between the 2 LoxP sites was deleted in LB11 and only one LoxP site remained to make vector LB11-LoxP. 293F cells were co-transfected with LB0-H, LB11, or LB11-LoxP, together with LB0-K using Freestyle Max transfection reagent. After 2 days, antibody levels were assayed by ELISA as described in Example 1. LB11-transfected cells produced less than 10% of relative to LB0-H-transfected cells (FIG. 10A), suggesting that the presence of the GFP cassette upstream of the Rituxan heavy chain gene greatly diminished expression of Rituxan. After removal of the GFP cassette, LB11-LoxP produced Rituxan at a similar level to LB0-H (FIG. 10A). Expression of GFP in LB11-transfected cells was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis.

Example 5. Expression of Membrane-Anchored GFP Downstream of the Rituxan Heavy Chain

An IRES sequence (SEQ ID NO: 18) was fused with the membrane-anchored GFP (SEQ ID NO: 1) carrying a Kosak consensus sequence. A LoxP site was then added at both N- and C-terminals. The whole sequence was inserted downstream of the Rituxan gamma stop codon and before the poly A signal in the vector LB0-H to make vector LB14, as described in FIG. 1B. 293F cells were co-transfected with LB14 and LB0-K using Freestyle Max transfection reagent. After 2 days, the antibody level in the media was assayed by ELISA as described in Example 1, and was shown in FIG. 10A. Expression of GFP in LB11-transfected cells was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis.

Example 6. Switching Off the Membrane-Anchored Antibody by Providing Cre

A Cre expression vector LB30 was constructed. The Cre cDNA was human codon optimized and fused with a peptide of MPKKKRK (SEQ ID NO: 19) at the N-terminus for nuclear localization. Expression of Cre was driven by a human EF1α promoter.

The 293F cells were transfected with LB37 linearized with restriction enzyme Asc I using Freestyle Max transfection reagent, and cultured in the presence of 1 μg/ml of Puromycin and 400 μg/ml of G418. After selection for approximately 2 weeks, the stable pool was transiently transfected with the Cre expression vector LB30. After one more week of culture, the cells were labeled with goat anti-human Fc antibody FITC conjugate (1:1,000 dilution, Bethyl) and subjected to flow cytometric analysis to assess cell surface Rituxan expression. Most of the cells lost membrane-anchored antibody after Cre transfection as shown in FIG. 11A (“After Cre”).

Switching off the membrane-anchored antibody was also achieved by providing recombinant Cre in the cell culture. A cell line expressing membrane-anchored antibody cloned from the stable pool described above was treated with 1 μM of recombinant Cre fused with TAT-NLS for nuclear localization (Excellgen, Inc.) for 2 hours. After one additional week of culture, the cells were assessed for cell surface antibody expression, as described above. Most of the cells lost membrane-anchored antibody as shown in FIG. 11B (“After Cre”).

Example 7. Screening of Highly Productive Humira Production Cell Lines

The variable sequence of Humira light chain (SEQ ID NO: 20) was gene synthesized and cloned into LB0-K between restriction sites Xba I and BsiW I to make vector LB42. The variable sequence of Humira heavy chain (SEQ ID NO: 22) was gene synthesized and cloned into LB4 between restriction sites XbaI and Nhe I to make vector LB25. The light chain expression cassette in LB42 was digested with restriction enzymes EcoR V and Asc I. the DNA fragment of 2641 bp was then cloned into LB25 between EcoR V and Asc I to make Humira expression vector LB29.

CHOS cells (Invitrogen, Inc.) were cultured in Freestyle CHO media (Invitrogen, Inc.). 1×10⁸ CHOS cells were transfected with LB29 linearized with restriction enzyme Asc I using Freestyle Max transfection reagent, and then selected with 10 ug/ml of Puromycin for 2 weeks. 1×10⁷ stable cells were labeled with goat anti-human Fc antibody FITC conjugate (1:1,000 dilution, Bethyl) and subjected to FACS sorting. The 0.01% of the cells with the highest expression of cell surface antibodies were sorted into five 96-well plates. Approximately 100 colonies grew out after 2-3 weeks. The culture media was screened for expression of Humira by ELISA as described in Example 1. The 24 highest expressing clones were picked, expanded, and cryopreserved. Six clones with different levels of antibody expression were picked for cell surface antibody assessment. They were labeled with goat anti-human Fc antibody FITC conjugate (1:1,000 dilution, Bethyl) and subjected to flow cytomeric analysis to confirm membrane-anchored antibody expression (FIG. 12A). They were also subjected to 30 ml of shaking culture. The antibody production in the culture media was assessed by ELISA as described in Example 1 after 7-day non-fed batch culture. Higher membrane antibody expression was found to be strongly correlated with increased, secreted antibody production (FIG. 12B). The 0.01% of stable cells transfected with linearized LB29 having the highest expression of cell surface antibodies was also sorted into a pool. After culturing for a week, the selected pool was transiently transfected with the Cre expression vector described in Example 6 with Neon Transfection System (Invitrogen, Inc.). After one more week of culturing, the cells were cloned into ten 96-well plates by limiting dilution. Approximately 200 colonies grew out after 2-3 weeks. The culture media was screened for expression of Humira by ELISA as described in Example 1. The 24 clones having the highest level of antibody in the media were picked and expanded to a 24-well plate. After 3 days of culturing, the culture media was screened again for expression of Humira. The 12 clones having the highest level of antibody in the media were picked, expanded, and cryopreserved. The cells were confirmed to lack of membrane-anchored antibody (FIG. 13A). The antibody production in culture media was assessed after 7-day non-fed batch culture in a 30 ml of shaking culture. Antibody yields of the 5 clones having the highest level of antibody in the media are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Humira Antibody Production In Culture Media. Clone Peak cell density (cells/ml) Yield (mg/L) 61.7B11 4.1 × 10⁶ 282 61.13C9 4.8 × 10⁶ 320 61.14E8 4.9 × 10⁶ 154 61.14F6 5.3 × 10⁶ 390 61.15G6 5.2 × 10⁶ 752

Example 8. A Model Screening of Antibody Library

One cell line selected in Example 7 and designated #27 expresses membrane-anchored Humira. Cells from cell line #27 were treated with 1 μg/ml of biotinylated human TNFα (ACRO Biosystems, Inc.) for 30 min. After washing once with PBS, the cells were labeled with streptavidin Phycoerythrin conjugate (VectorLabs, Inc.) for 30 min. After washing twice with PBS, the cells were subjected to flow cytometric analysis and exhibited positive binding of TNFα on cell surface Humira (FIG. 14). The cell line #27 was spiked at a ratio of 1:1000 into a stable pool of CHOS cells transfected with Rituxan expression vector LB37. After binding with biotinylated TNFα and then streptavidin Phycoerythrin conjugates, the cells were subjected to FACS sorting. 1000 positive cells were sorted into a pool. After culturing for 2 weeks, the antibody sequence in the FACS positive cells was amplified by RT-PCR and confirmed to be the Humira antibody sequence. 

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 51. A cell line screening method comprising, (a) providing a plurality of host cells transfected with a plurality of DNA constructs, wherein each host cell integrates the DNA construct to make a library of constructs in the plurality of host cells, and wherein the DNA constructs comprise a nucleic acid encoding a protein of interest, a nucleic acid encoding a reporter, a first DNA recombinase recognition sequence and a second DNA recombinase recognition sequence, wherein the first DNA recombinase recognition sequence is located upstream of the nucleic acid encoding the reporter and the second DNA recombinase recognition sequence is located downstream of the nucleic acid encoding the reporter whereby a DNA recombinase is capable of removing the nucleic acid encoding the reporter leaving the gene of interest intact, wherein the nucleic acid encoding the protein of interest is operably linked to a promoter, and wherein the nucleic acid encoding the reporter is also operably linked to the promoter; (b) culturing the transfected cells in a cell culture media wherein the reporter is expressed; (c) screening the transfected host cells for the reporter, and selecting the host cells expressing a high level of the reporter whereby the host cells expressing a high level of the protein of interest are also selected; (d) exposing the selected host cells to the DNA recombinase wherein the DNA recombinase acts at the DNA recombinase recognition sequences whereby the cells no longer express the reporter and the cells continue to express the protein of interest; and (e) confirming the cells express a desired amount of the protein of interest.
 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the DNA recombinase recognition sequence and the DNA recombinase are selected from the group consisting of a DNA recombinase recognition sequence for a FLP recombinase and a FLP recombinase, a DNA recombinase recognition sequence for a Cre recombinase and a Cre recombinase, and a DNA recombinase recognition sequence for a φC31 integrase and a φC31 integrase.
 53. The method of claim 51, wherein the nucleic acid encoding the reporter is downstream of the nucleic acid encoding the protein of interest.
 54. The method of claim 51, wherein the DNA constructs further comprise an IRES upstream of the nucleic acid encoding the reporter.
 55. The method of claim 51, wherein the reporter can be detected by a fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
 56. The method of claim 55, wherein the reporter in the transfected host cells is screened using the fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
 57. The method of claim 51, wherein the protein of interest is secreted into the cell culture media.
 58. The method of claim 51, wherein the protein of interest is an antibody polypeptide.
 59. The method of claim 58, wherein the protein of interest is secreted into the cell culture media.
 60. The method of claim 51, wherein the plurality of DNA constructs encode a plurality of different proteins of interest.
 61. The method of claim 60, wherein the plurality of DNA constructs encode an antibody library.
 62. The method of claim 62, wherein the antibody library is an affinity maturation library.
 63. The method of claim 61, wherein the promoter is an endogenous promoter.
 64. The method of claim 61, wherein the promoter is a heterologous promoter.
 65. A cell line screening method comprising, (a) providing a plurality of host cells transfected with a plurality of DNA constructs, wherein each host cell integrates the DNA construct to make a library of constructs in the plurality of host cells, and wherein the DNA constructs comprise a nucleic acid encoding a protein of interest, a nucleic acid encoding a reporter, a first LoxP or a first LoxP variant sequence and a second LoxP sequence or a second LoxP variant sequence, wherein the first LoxP sequence or first LoxP variant sequence is located upstream of the nucleic acid encoding the reporter and the second LoxP sequence or LoxP variant sequence is located downstream of the nucleic acid encoding the reporter whereby a Cre recombinase is capable of removing the nucleic acid encoding the reporter leaving the gene of interest intact, wherein the nucleic acid encoding the protein of interest is operably linked to a promoter, and wherein the nucleic acid encoding the reporter is also operably linked to the promoter; (b) culturing the transfected cells in a cell culture media wherein the reporter is expressed; (c) screening the transfected host cells for the reporter, and selecting the host cells expressing a high level of the reporter whereby the host cells expressing a high level of the protein of interest are also selected; (d) exposing the selected host cells to the Cre recombinase wherein the Cre recombinase acts at the LoxP sequence or the LoxP variant sequence whereby the cells no longer express the reporter and the cells continue to express the protein of interest; and (e) confirming the cells express a desired amount of the protein of interest.
 66. The method of claim 65, wherein the nucleic acid encoding the reporter is downstream of the nucleic acid encoding the protein of interest.
 67. The method of claim 65, wherein the reporter can be detected by a fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
 68. The method of claim 67, wherein the reporter in the transfected host cells is screened using the fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
 69. The method of claim 65, wherein the protein of interest is secreted into the cell culture media.
 70. The method of claim 65, wherein the protein of interest is an antibody polypeptide. 